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Black start is the first step in the process of system restoration in the unlikely event of an island-wide black-out.

Over-frequency reserve is provided by generating units that can be armed when required and automatically disconnected from the power system due to a sudden rise in system frequency.

Instantaneous reserve is generating capacity, or interruptible load, available to operate automatically in the event of a sudden failure of a large generating plant or the HVDC link.

Frequency keeping services are required to manage short term supply and demand imbalances to ensure that the system frequency is maintained at or near 50 Hz.